The Causes and Effects of World War I Essay -- Papers

The Causes and Effects of World War I In 1914 through 1918, the entire world was at war. Due to many small, and some great incidents, the world powers went to war. During the war there were many events that drastically affected the outcome. Some of these events were very influential. From the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the war was shaped by events like this. On June 28, 1914, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Francis Ferdinand, and his wife entered their car. About five minutes later a blast rang out. A bomb had been throw in front of his car. A Serbian nationalist and member of the Black Hand, Gavrilo Princip, ran up to the car and, with two shots, killed the Archduke and his wife. When news of the murder reached Austria-Hungary, they thought that the Black Hand was in some way associated with the Serbian government. The Austria-Hungarians gave the Serbs and ultimatum. The Serbians agreed to all but one condition. This wasn't acceptable for the Austrian-Hungarians. They declared war on Serbia. The system of alliances soon took effect and had all the Allied countries declaring war on the Central Powers and vice versa. On May 7, 1915, A British ocean liner is sailing off the Irish coast. Onboard are about 1,200 people, 125 of which are Americans. They boarded despite the fact that the German government had warned Americans not to take British ships. Suddenly a torpedo hits the side of the ship. A German U-Boat, U-20, had shot at her. Within 20 minutes the British Liner was at the bottom taking over 1,000 souls. The sinking of the Lusitania was one of the major reasons the United States was drawn into World War I. It swayed American public opinion in favor of joining t... ...ed. Vladimir Lenin wanted to end the fighting so he accepted the German demands. The German demands were even harsher this time. Russia would lose Poland, the Baltic states, and recognize Finland, Ukraine, and Georgia as independent states. After the treaty was signed, Russia lost 25% percent of it's total area and population. Also, since Germany no longer had to worry about the Eastern Front they could commit more troops and weaponry to the Western Front. The five mentioned events are some of the most significant of the war. From beginning to end, the war was shaped by events like this. The Treaty of Versailles all but ended the fighting. During the course of the war over 10 million soldiers lost their lives and 20 million were wounded. As Europe was trying to rebuild, the League of Nations was created to prevent something like this from ever happening again.

Death Penalty in the Philippines Essay

1987 . But six yearsafter it has reimposed the death penalty, the Philippines has overtaken its Asian neighbors and hasthe most number of death convicts.Within less than a year, however, the military establishment was lobbying for its reimposition as ameans to combat the â€Å"intensifying† offensives of the CPP/NPA guerrillas. Gen. Fidel V. Ramos, thenChief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and later elected President of the Philippines in 1992,was among those who were strongly calling for the reintroduction of the death penalty againstrebellion, murder and drug trafficking.In mid 1987, a bill to reinstate the death penalty was submitted to Congress. Military pressure wasvery much evident in the preamble which cited the pestering insurgency as well asthe recommendations of the police and the military as compelling reasons for the reimposition ofthe death penalty. The bill cited recent right wing coup attempts as an example of the alarmingdeterioration of peace and order and argued for the death penalty both as an effective deterrentagainst heinous crimes and as a matter of simple retributive justice .When Ramos was elected as President in 1992, he declared that the reimposition of the deathpenalty would be one of his priorities. Political offenses such as rebellion were dropped from thebill. However, the list of crimes was expanded to include economic offenses such as smuggling andbribery. In December 1993, RA 7659 restoring the death penalty was signed into law. The law makersargued the deteriorating crime situation was a compeling reason for its reimposition. The mainreason given was that the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. In 1996, RA 8177 was approved,stipulating lethal injection as the method of execution. Six years after Last February 5, 1999, Leo Echegaray, a house painter, was executed for repeatedly raping hisstepdaughter. He was the first convict to be executed since the re-imposition of death penalty in1995.His execution sparked once again a heated debate between the anti and the pro-death penaltyforces in the Philippines with a huge majority of people calling for the execution of Echegaray. Thatthere was a strong clamor for the imposition of the death penalty should be viewed from the pointof view of a citizen who is desperately seeking ways to stop criminality.The Estrada administration peddled the death penalty as the antidote to crime. The reasoning wasthat if the criminals will be afraid to commit crimes if they see that the government is determinedto execute them. Oppositors maintained that the death penalty is not a deterrent and that therehave been studies already debunking the deterrence theory. Legislators and politicians refused toheed the recommendation of the Supreme Court for Congr ess to review the death penalty riding onthe popularity of the pro-death penalty sentiment Six years after its reimposition, more than 1,200 individuals have been sentenced to death andseven convicts have been executed through lethal injection. Yet today, there are no signs thatcriminality has gone down.From February 6, 1999, a day after Leo Echegaray was executed, to May 31 1999 two leadingnewspapers reported a total of 163 crimes which could be punishable by death penalty. But perhapsthe best indicator that this law is not a deterrent to criminality is the ever-increasing number ofdeath convicts.From 1994 to 1995 the number of persons on death row increased from 12 to 104. From 1995 to1996 it increased to 182. In 1997 the total death convicts was at 520 and in 1998 the inmates indeath row was at 781. As of November 1999 there are a total of 956 death convicts at the NationalBilibid Prisons and at the Correctional Institute for Women.As of December 31, 1999, based on the statistics compiled by the Episcopal Commission on PrisonerWelfare of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines, there were a total of 936 convictsinterned at the National Bilibid Prisons and another 23 detained at the Correctional Institute forWo men. Of these figures, six are minors and 12 are foreigners. One of the reasons as to why human rights groups oppose the death penalty is because of theweaknesses and imperfections of the Philippine justice system. This is very much evident in thereview of death penalty cases made by the Supreme Court from 1995 to 1999. Two out of everythree death sentences handed down by the local courts were found to be erroneous by the SupremeCourt.Out of the 959 inmates the SC reviewed 175 cases involving 200 inmates from 1995 to 1999; 3cases were reviewed in 1995, 8 in 1996, 8 in 1997, 38 in 1998, 118 in 1999.Of these 175 cases, the SC affirmed with finality and first affirmation only 31% or 54 casesinvolving 60 inmates. Of these cases 24 were affirmed with finality, while the remaining 36 weregiven first affirmation.Sixty nine percent (69%) or 121 cases were either modified, acquitted or remanded for retrial.Eighty four (84) cases involving 95 inmates were modified to reclusion perpetua, 10 cases involving11 inmates were modified to indeterminate penalty , 11 cases involving 11 inmates were remanded tolower court for retrial and 16 cases involving 23 inmates were acquitted by the SC.. In a study prepared by the Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG), it pointed out that the result ofthe review of cases done by the Supreme Court â€Å"point all too clearly to the imperfections,weaknesses and problems of the Philippine justice system†. Some decisions of the trial courts wereoverturned for imposing death penalty on offenses which were not subject to death penalty. Otherdecisions of the lower courts were set aside because of substantive and procedural errors duringarraignment and trial. Still others were struck down because the lower court mis-appreciatedevidences.In a survey conducted among 425 convicts in 1998, 105 or 24.7% were agricultural workers, 103were construction workers, 73 were transport workers, and 42 were in workers in sales andservices. Only 6% finished college while 32.4 % finished various levels of high school while theremaining did not go to school or have finished only elementary or vocational education It is perhaps important to point out that out of these 46 crimes punishable by death, the deathpenalty has been applied to only 17 crimes. No one has been convicted of qualified bribery, qualifiedpiracy and plunder. Interestingly also, no public official has been sentenced to death for crimesinvolving public officials.Yet, the government maintains that it is effective in combatting crime. Under the death penaltylaw, 46 crimes are considered heinous and are now subject to the death penalty. It imposes themandatory death penalty on 21 crimes while the other 25 crimes are death eligible. These arecrimes for which a range of penalties including the death penalty is imposed.Some Congressmen and Senators are proposing other lists of crimes to add to the above. Some evencontemplated lowering the age of those punishable by the death penalty to include youthfuloffenders.The death penalty is an easy way out for a government in the face of a strong outcry from thecitizenry who wanted the government to stop criminality. It is being used to create the illusion thatthe government is doing something to stop the crimes when in fact it is not.Sad though it maybe, more lives would be lost unless the death penalty in the Philippines is repealed. SANTOS A. LABANPHILIPPINE ALLIANCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS ADVOCATESAquino administration 1987 According to the 1987 Constitution,Art. III (Bill of Rights), Sec. 19.(1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted.Neither shall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, theCongress hereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced toreclusion perpetua.In mid-1987, a bill to seeking to reinstate the death penalty for 15 ‘heinous crimes’ includingmurder, rebellion and the import or sale of prohibited drugs was submitted in Congress. 1988 In 1988, the military started lobbying for the imposition of the death penalty. Then Armed Forcesof the Philippines Chief General Fidel Ramos was prominent among those calling for thereintroduction of the death penalty for rebellion, murder and drug-trafficking. The militarycampaign for the restoration of the capital punishment was primarily against the CPP-NPA, whoseoffensives then included urban assassination campaigns.Anti-death penalty groups including Amnesty International opposed the bill, but the House ofRepresentatives voted for restoration by 130 votes to 25. 1989 Three similar bills were put before the Senate. After a bloody 1989 coup, President Aquinocertified as urgent one of these bills on the prompting of Ramos. The said bill again proposed deathpenalty for rebellion, as well as for sedition, subversion and insurrection. 1990 The Senate suspended the vote on death penalty for a year 1991 The Senate did not agree to move to a decision. Ramos administration A series of high profile crimes during this period, including the murder of Eileen Sarmenta andAllan Gomez, created public impression that heinous crimes were on the rise. The Ramosadministration succeeded in restoring death penalty. 1992 President Fidel Ramos during his first State of the Nation address declared that hisadministration would regard the restoration of the death penalty a legislative priority, and urgedCongress to take speedy action. 1993 Ramos signed into Republic Act 7659, the new death penalty law, on December 13, 1993. 1994 Republic Act 7659 took effect on January 1, 1994. 1996 Republic Act No. 8177, which mandates that a death sentence shall be carried out through lethalinjection, was approved on March 20, 1996. Estrada administration Seven death convicts were executed during the Estrada administration before he announced amoratorium on executions. 1999 Leo Echegaray, 38, was executed by lethal injection on February 5, 1999. He was the first to beexecuted after the Philippines restored death penalty. It was the Philippine’s first execution in 22 years. Six more men followed within the next 11 months. 2000 On March 24, 2000, Estrada imposed a de facto moratorium in observance of the Christian JubileeYear. He also granted 108 Executive Clemencies to death convicts.On December 10, 2000, Human Rights Day, Estrada announced that he would commute sentences ofall death convicts to life imprisonment. He expressed his desire to certify as urgent a bill seeking arepeal of the Death Penalty Law. Arroyo administration Please see Gloria Arroyo on death penalty–a timelineWhile the Arroyo administration has been characterized by a flip-flopping stand on death penalty,no death convict has been executed under her watch.Voting separately, the two Houses of Congress on June 6, 2006 repealed the death penalty law.Arroyo signed Republic Act 9346 on June 24, 2006. The law prohibited the imposition of the deathpenalty. History of death penalty in the Philippines The history of the death penalty was extensively discussed by the Supreme Court in People vs.Echegaray. [1] As early 1886, capital punishment had entered the Philippine legal system through theold Penal Code, which was a modified version of the Spanish Penal Code of 1870. The Revised Penal Code, which was enforced on 1 January 1932, provided for the death penalty inspecified crimes under specific circumstances. Under the Revised Penal Code, death is the penaltyfor the crimes of treason, correspondence with the enemy during times of war, qualified piracy,parricide, murder, infanticide, kidnapping, rape with homicide or with the use of deadly weapon orby two or more persons resulting in insanity, robbery with homicide, and arson resulting in death.The list of capital offenses lengthened as the legislature responded to the emergencies of thetimes.In 1941, Commonwealth Act (C.A.) No. 616 added espionage to the list. In the 1950s, at the heightof the Huk rebellion, the government enacted Republic Act (R.A.) No. 1700, otherwise known as theAnti-Subversion Law, which carried the death penalty for leaders of the rebellion. From 1971 to1972, more capital offenses were created by more laws, among them, the Anti-Hijacking Law, theDangerous Drugs Act, and the Ant i-Carnapping Law. During martial law, Presidential Decree (P.D.)No. 1866 was enacted penalizing with death, among others, crimes involving homicide committedwith an unlicensed firearm.In the aftermath of the 1986 revolution that dismantled the Marcos regime and led to thenullification of the 1973 Constitution, a new constitution was drafted and ratified. The1987Constitutionprovides in Article III, Section 19 (1) that:Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment inflicted. Neithershall death penalty be imposed, unless, for compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congresshereafter provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to reclusionperpetua.Congress passed Republic Act No. 7659 (entitled â€Å"An Act to Impose the Death Penalty on CertainHeinous Crimes, Amending for that Purpose the Revised Penal Code, as Amended, Other SpecialPenal Laws, and for Other Purposes†), which took effect on 31 December 1993.Constitutional challengeThis is extensively discussed in the case of People vs. Echegaray. (For editing)Abolition of death penaltyOn 24 June 2006, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed into law Republic Act No. 9346,entitled â€Å"An Act Prohibiting the Imposition of Death Penalty in the Philippines† Effectivity of the new law Section 5 of R.A. No. 9346 specifically provides that it shall take effect immediately after itspublication in two national newspapers of general circulation. This is pursuant to Article 2 oftheCivil Codewhich provides that laws shall take effect after 15 days following the completion oftheir publication either in the Official Gazette, or in a newspaper of general circulation in thePhilippines, unless it is otherwise provided.R.A. No. 9346 was published in Malaya and Manila Times, two national newspapers of generalcirculation on 29 June 2006. Accordingly, R.A. No. 9346 took effect on 30 June 2006. [2] Illustrative cases As a result of the abolition of the death penalty, existing penalties for death were reducedtoreclusion perpetua, within the possibility ofparole. Here are illustrative cases: The case of People of the Philippines vs. Quiachon [3] involves an accused who raped his 8-year olddaughter, a deaf-mute. Under Article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code, the imposable penaltyshould have been death. With the abolition of the Death Penalty, however, the penalty was reducedtoreclusion perpetua, without the possibility of parole under theIndeterminate Sentence Law. The case of People of the Philippines vs. Santos [4] involves therapeof a 5-year old child. Theaccused was meted the penalty of death because rape committed against a  ¶child below seven (7) years old · is a dastardly and repulsive crime which merits no less than the imposition of capitalpunishment under Article 266-B of theRevised Penal Code. The sentence was also reducedtoreclusion perpetua, without the possibility ofparole. The case of People vs. Salome [5] involves arapeof a 13-year old girl (who got pregnant), committedin a dwelling and with the aid of a bladed weapon. The imposable penalty should have been death,but with the abolition of the Death Penalty, theSupreme Courtreduced the penalty toreclusion perpetua, without the possibility ofparole. The case of People of the Philippines vs. Tubongbanua [6] involves the murder of a victim whosuffered 18 stab wounds which were all directed to her chest, heart and lungs. Considering theexistence of the qualifying circumstance of evident premeditation and the aggravatingcircumstances of dwelling, and taking advantage of superior strength without any mitigatingcircumstance, the proper imposable penalty would have been death. However, with the abolition ofthe death penalty law, the penalty imposed wasreclusion perpetua, without the possibility ofparole

Cement Industry Financial Analysis - 5265 Words

Table of Content Acknowledgement 2 Executive Summary 3 Ratio and other analysis of the company 6 Liquidity Ratios 7 Activity Analysis 8 Debt Analysis 10 Profitability Analysis 11 Market Analysis 14 Benchmarking of your company with industry 15 Analysis of company’s strength and weakness 15 Strengths:- 16 Weaknesses:- 16 recommendations for company 17 Realized rate of return: 18 Beta of the D.G. Khan Cement 18 Expected Return of the D.G. Khan Cement 19 Standard Deviation 20 Required rate of return (CAPM) 20 Expected Return Vs. Required Return 21 Portfolio Planning 21 Dividend growth model 24 Corporate Valuation Model 24†¦show more content†¦THE INFORMATION WHICH COMES FROM THESE ANALYSES IS BENEFICIAL IN FUTURE FOR OWNERS, INVESTORS, CREDITORS, AND ANALYSIS’S FOR SETTING STRATEGIES ACCORDINGLY. Industrial review:- THIS REPORT IS AN ANALYSIS OF 4 MAJOR CEMENT COMPANIES WHICH ARE: ⠝â€" D.G. Khan Cement Company Ltd ⠝â€" Pioneer Cement Company Ltd ⠝â€" Lucky Cement Company Ltd ⠝â€" Fauji Cement Company Ltd We have selected D.G. Khan Cement Company as our Principle Company Background:- âž ¢ D.G. KHAN CEMENT COMPANY LTD D.G. Khan Cement Company Limited is a part of Nishat group of industries. DGKC was established under the management control of State Cement Corporation of Pakistan Limited (SCCP) in 1978.it is the largest cement-manufacturing unit in Pakistan that produces the ordinary cement for local market and international market. âž ¢ Pioneer Cement Company Ltd Pioneer Cement Limited (PCL) was incorporated in Pakistan as a public company limited by shares on February 09, 1986. Its shares are quoted on all stock exchanges in Pakistan. Due to be superior quality, Pioneer Cement has on the confidence of its customer. 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Internship Weekly Report - 2814 Words

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Kfc and Global Fast Food Industry - 11778 Words

Kentucky Fried Chicken and the Global Fast-Food Industry Jeffrey A. Krug University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Copyright  © 2001 by Jeffrey A. Krug. Used with permission. Kentucky Fried Chicken Corporation (KFC) was the worlds largest chicken restaurant chain and third largest fast-food chain in 2000. KFC had a 55 percent share of the U.S. chicken restaurant market in terms of sales and operated more than 10,800 restaurants in 85 countries. KFC was one of the first fast-food chains to go international in the late 1950s and was one of the worlds most recognizable brands. KFCs early international strategy was to grow its company and franchise restaurant base throughout the world. By early 2000, however, KFC had†¦show more content†¦Several months later, Heublein acquired KFC. Heublein was in the business of producing vodka, mixed cocktails, dry gin, cordials, beer, and other alcoholic beverages; however, it had little experience in the restaurant business. Conflicts quickly erupted between Colonel Sanders and Heublein management. In particul ar Colonel Sanders became increasingly distraught over quality-control issues and restaurant cleanliness. By 1977, new restaurant openings had slowed to only 20 a year, restaurants were being remodeled, and service quality had declined. To combat these problems, Heublein sent in a new management team to redirect KFC’s strategy. A â€Å"back-to-the-basics† strategy was implemented and new restaurant construction was halted until existing restaurants could be upgraded and operating problems eliminated. A program for remodeling existing restaurants was implemented, an emphasis was placed on cleanliness and service, marginal products were eliminated, and product consistency was reestablished. This strategy enabled KFC to gain better control of its operations and it was soon again aggressively building new restaurants. R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. In 1982, R. J. Reynolds Industries, Inc. (RJR), acquired Heublein and merged it into a wholly owned subsidiary. The acquisition of Heublein was part of RJR’s corporate strategy of diversifying into unrelated businesses such as energy, transportation, food,Show MoreRelatedKFC SWOT in China962 Words   |  4 Pageshigh growth areas (i.e. China) By 2006, KFC had 1,700 restaurants in China, more than tripling in five years. Profit and sales figures saw increases of over 25 percent for some quarters, while comparable figures domestically were 1 and 2 percent. KFC significantly outsold McDonalds in China, and by 2006, KFC was opening a new Chinese outlet every 22 hours. Yum!s boss David Novak told Business Week (October 30, 2006) that he hoped to eventually have as many KFC restaurants in China as in the UnitedRead MorePopeyes vs Kentucky Fried Chicken1731 Words   |  7 PagesOrleans heritage n flavorful authentic foods. Weakness: Popeyes is second to its sister company KFC. 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Social Orientation of Marketing Concept

Question: Discuss about the Social Orientation of Marketing Concept. Answer: Introduction: French (2015) defines that there are several classes in the community like the lower class, middle class and higher class. There is also lying a trait in these regarding the buying behaviour that marketers target for marketing and is known as social class marketing. The primary aim of this report is to illustrate how Woolworths have used the concept of social class marketing. It is evident that every class of the society has different trait and Cihovska (2014) highlighted that higher class have more disposable income and spend more on branded products and lower class people prefer local products. Woolworths in December 2015, takes the initiative to reach to Chinas burgeoning middle class on Alibabas Tmall not only to seek a fresh revenue stream but also to provide them their best quality grocery to Chinses middle-class people (theaustralian.com 2015). This also represents the subculture in marketing concept of the eCargo, which incorporate both the Australiana and Chinese culture within their marketing strategy to provide e-commerce solutions especially in food and groceries sector (French 2015). This enhances the connection of China to overseas countries in terms of doing business. Thus, from the entire discussion it can be learned that an effective marketing strategy is the result of a perfect blend of more than one marketing concept. Woolworths proves their success by incorporating the social class marketing concept social class marketing that enables the Chinese middle-class consumers to source goods from overseas with the help of digital marketing concept taken by the Alibabas Tmall. Reference List Cihovska, V, 2014. Social orientation of marketing concept. Journal of Positive Management, 4(1), p.52. French, J, 2015. The Importance of Social Marketing History. Social Marketing Quarterly, 21(4), pp.191-193. Greenblat, E. and Greenblat, E, 2016. Woolies sets up Tmall web store. [online] Theaustralian.com.au. Available at: https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/woolworths-extends-reach-into-china-with-tmall-store/news-story/4e012888c58b5c3bd84bbb61832b2ed7 [3 Dec. 2016].

What was your most difficult experience an Example of the Topic Personal Essays by

What was your most difficult experience that demonstrates your ability to resolve problems? In a hospital, problems do arise on a daily basis, with regards to the patient workflow. Some of these problems once solved, would lead to even greater ones. I do feel that the internal strengths of my organization are effective to handle the workflow. As having qualified and well-trained staff members adds to the strengths of the organization, it would be easy to solve many of the work-related problems concerned with the patient workflow. However, if the staff members are in a conflict situation, it could be a very difficult problem to solve, as it could have a cascading effect, especially on the workflow. I do feel that conflict situations amongst the staff member are the most difficult problems to solve. There was once a conflict situation in our organization with regards to the patient workflow. Through experience I feel that the authorities should play only a supervisory role and instead should ensure that the staff members can actually decide how this situation is going to be s olved and actually implement the plan. Need essay sample on "What was your most difficult experience that demonstrates your ability to resolve problems?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This was an instance in which one of the staff members felt that she was allocated excessive work compared to others with regards to patient workflow. She also felt that other staff members were not performing their duties and instead dumping the patient work on her. As a nursing supervisor I was responsible for following the problem. However, the staff member did not approach me and instead took the matters in her own hands. She had a hard talk with the other nurses in the working area and in front of the patients. Following this, the issue had gone to the higher authorities I had to take up the issue. It was difficult to sort out because there was no definitive means by which patents were allocated to each staff member. Patients were allocated on a random basis. If a staff member was not present when a patient arrived, then the patient was allocated to the staff member who was present. This problem had to be solved cautiously as the staff members were seriously demotivated with the incident. It also had a disastrous effect on the patient workflow. From previous experience I have observed that if the higher authorities take the matter within their own hands, then the issue usually would get resolved, but the conflict within the staff members would continue, having an adverse effect on the patient workflow. Hence, through experience I felt that it was important to solve this problem by having active participation of the staff members, especially those who were in a conflict situation. I had a meeting with each and every staff member of the incident in person, in order to get feedback and an insight into the incident. I then convened a meeting in order to develop a solution to the problem. However, the meeting was more of a stage at which the conflict worsened. I had to use my powers in order to stop the conflict and develop a solution to it. The staff members do consider me an authoritative figure and hence were listening to the suggestions put forth by me. Finally, a feasible solution was developed, which was slowly implemented. It was decided to allocate the patients on an equal basis. The staff members were permitted to leave the workplace only after seeking my permission. Each of them participated in resolving the conflict and made a whole-hearted effort to do so. Finally, a plan was actually decided which was implemented. I had taken permission from the higher-ups regarding this plan. Finally, each and every staff members were happy with the patient work-distribution and were motivated to work (Neilson, 2003 & Messina, 2007). References: Messina, J.J. & Messina, C.M. (2007), Productive Problem Solving. Nielson, E. (2003), Conflict Management Approaches.